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Linda Frandsen

Linda Frandsen

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Al Rifa'i Mosque

    28. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ⛅ 68 °F

    The massive Al Rifa'i Mosque, completed in 1912, was built to showcase the modernization of Egypt's capital while embracing the glory years of its Islamic history and features many Mamluk architectural influences. As the burial place of a number of Egyptian royal family members, the Al Rifa'i Mosque is also known as the Royal Mosque.

    Al-Rifa'i Mosque (Arabic: مسجد الرفاعي, transliterated also as Al-Rifai, Al-Refai, Al-Refa'i, locally known as El-Refa'i, and in English: the Refaai Mosque) is located in Citadel Square, adjacent to the Cairo Citadel. Its name is derived from the Ali Abu Shubbak who is buried in the mosque. Now, it is also the royal mausoleum of Muhammad Ali's family. The building is located opposite the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan,[1] which dates from around 1361, and was architecturally conceived as a complement to the older structure as part of a vast campaign by the 19th century rulers of Egypt to both associate themselves with the perceived glory of earlier periods in Egypt's Islamic history and modernize the city.

    History
    The original structure on the site was a small 12th century Fatimid-era mosque, known as the Al-Dakhirah Mosque.[2][3] But later, the grandson of Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Ali Abu Shubbak al-Rifa'i, was buried within it, and the place was converted into a Zawiya for the Rifa'i tariqah.[4] This Zawiya became known as the Al-Bayda Zawiya, and it not only contained the tomb of Ali Abu Shubbak, but also included the tomb of another Sufi mystic, Yahya al-Ansari.[5]

    The present structure of the Al-Rifa'i Mosque was constructed in two phases over the period between 1869 and 1912 when it was finally completed.[1] It was originally commissioned for Hoshiyar Qadin, the mother of the 19th century Khedive Isma'il Pasha to expand and replace the old Zawiya. Hoshiyar ordered an extensive renovation of the zawiya, and so the original structure save for the graves of Ali Abu Shubbak and Yahya al-Ansari was demolished. The new structure was also intended to contain the burial place of the Khedive family.[3]

    The original architect was Hussein Fahri Pasha, a distant cousin in the dynasty founded by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1803,[1] but he died during the first phase of construction, and work was halted after the abdication of Khedive Isma'il Pasha in 1880. Hoshiyar Qadin herself died in 1885, and work was not resumed until 1905 when the new Khedive, Abbas II of Egypt, ordered its completion. Construction work was supervised by the Hungarian architect Max Herz, head of the Committee for the Conservation of the Monuments of Cairo.[3]

    Style
    When developing its design, the architects of Al-Rifai Mosque tried to match the Sultan Hassan Mosque next to it in grandeur and height[6] even though they faced some difficulties that were criticized by archaeologists and which was remedied under the supervision of Max Herz.[6]

    The interior area of the mosque is 6,500 square metres, the part designated for prayer is 1,767 square metres, and the rest of the space is allocated for the zawiya shrine and the royal mausoleum. The mosque has two minarets built on circular bases, like the minarets of the Sultan Hassan Mosque. As for the entrances, they are towering and surrounded by stone and marble columns with Arabic capitals. Their lintels are decorated with marble, and their tops also covered with polished and gilded arches.[6]

    In the middle of the western side is the entrance to the royal mausoleum, which is surrounded by stone columns with ornate marble bases. To the right of the interior of this mausoleum is the tomb of Fuad I of Egypt in the western front corner of the mosque. It is covered with colored marble, and adjacent to it is the tomb of his mother, Ferial Qadin. At the end of the room, there is a door, which leads to another room that contains the tomb of Sheikh Ali Abu Shubbak Al-Rifa'i. This room is topped by a dome. The grave is covered by a wooden zarih built around it. Between the two front doors is a smaller entrance leading to a room which holds the grave of Yahya Al-Ansari.[6]

    The wooden enclosure over the grave of Ali Abu Shubbak al-Rifa'i within the mosque.
    Usage
    The mosque is the resting place of Ali Abu Shubbak, an important saint of the Rifa'i order who is also regarded as one of the Ahl al-Bayt, hence it is a very important place for pilgrimage.

    It also contains the royal mausoleum of the Khedive family, where Hoshiyar Qadim and her son Ismail Pasha, as well as other members of Egypt's royal family, including Sultan Hussein Kamel, Sultan and King Fuad I, and King Farouk, are buried. Khedive Tewfik and Khedive Abbas II Hilmi, however, are buried in Qubbat Afandina, a mausoleum built in 1894 in Cairo's Eastern Cemetery, together with other late members of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty.

    The mosque served briefly as the resting place of Reza Shah of Iran, who died in exile in the Union of South Africa in 1944, and was returned to Iran after World War II.[8] Part of the burial chamber is also occupied by Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who died in Cairo in July 1980. He was buried in Cairo following the Iranian Revolution of 1979.    Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan

    28. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ⛅ 66 °F

    Visit the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan and its historic counterpart, the Al Rifa'i Mosque. Standing side by side, the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan was constructed during the mid-14th century and is one of the largest mosques in the world.

    The Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan (Arabic: مسجد ومدرسة السلطان حسن) is a monumental mosque and madrasa located in Salah al-Din Square in the historic district of Cairo, Egypt. It was built between 1356 and 1363 during the Bahri Mamluk period, commissioned by Sultan an-Nasir Hasan. The mosque was considered remarkable for its massive size and innovative architectural components, and is still considered one of the most impressive historic monuments in Cairo today.[1][2][3]

    History
    Patron and founder: Sultan Hasan

    Illuminated frontispiece from the Qur'an commissioned by sultan Al-Hasan for his complex. This manuscript is part of the National Library of Egypt's Collection of Mamluk Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register
    Sultan al-Nasir Hasan (full name: An-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun) ascended the throne at the age of 13 in 748 AH/1347 CE.[1] When he reached maturity in 1350, he arrested the Emir Manjaq who controlled all of the state's affairs. Prior to that arrest, the emir was restricted to an allowance of just one hundred dirham per day. This pocket change was collected by servants for the Sultan. It's especially striking considering that during that time, the emir Shaykhu was estimated to have an income of 200,000 dirham per day. This deprivation may be viewed as a prompt for his later extravagance. Upon taking over the reins, Sultan Hasan placed people of his own favor into positions of power. This happened at the expense of dignitaries currently in position; it upset many of them. Discontented Emirs arrested the Sultan in 1351, held him in jail for three years, and promoted his brother as-Salih Salih to the throne. Hasan spent his time in jail studying and his obituaries commented on his learning as a result.[1] He returned to power and again reshuffled the ruling establishment attempting to solidify power, but Sultan Hasan was assassinated by his commander in chief of the army, Yalbugha al-Umari, a Mamluk thought to be loyal.[1] Because of the Sultan's extravagance in spending fortunes on women and other forms of favoritism, the commander rebelled against the Sultan. A contemporary Syrian historian, Ibn Kathir, backed this reputation. Ibn Kathir blamed the sultan for his greed and squandering of public funds. The lavish expenses noted coincide with the Sultan's extensive mosque. After his assassination in 1361, Sultan Hasan's body was never found; the mausoleum never served its purpose.

    Construction

    View of Sultan Hasan's mosque and of Rumayla Square in 1880.
    The mosque's construction is considered all the more remarkable as it coincided with the devastation wrought by the Black Plague, which struck Cairo repeatedly from the mid-14th century onwards.[4][1] Its construction began in 1356 CE (757 AH) and work proceeded for three years "without even a single day of idleness".[5] In fact, work appears to have continued even up to 1363, even after Sultan Hasan's death, before eventually ceasing.[1] An inscription on the mosque notes the name of amir Muhammad ibn Biylik al-Muhsini as the supervisor of the construction of the mosque. Unusually, his name was placed near Sultan Hasan's in the inscription, which demonstrates how important the undertaking of the project must have been.[1] The amir's high standing otherwise was another indication of this prestige, as he was appointed governor of Cairo in 1330 and oversaw other construction projects including the renovation of the hippodrome established by al-Zahir Baybars near the Citadel.

    The most substantial available source concerning the mosque's construction is al-Maqrizi, writing six decades afterwards, as he had access to administrative documents that are unavailable to historians today. The manual labour needed for construction must have been partly depleted by the ongoing ravages of the plague, yet this does not appear to have been the main challenge. Maqrizi mentions that the construction of the mosque cost 30,000 dirham every day. The total construction costs amounted to over one million dinars, making it the most expensive mosque in medieval Cairo.[1] Even the Sultan is said to have become discouraged at times by the cost of the project. Financing for the mosque was made possible by a few factors: first, the austerity measures implemented by Manjaq, one of the amirs in charge of state affairs before Sultan Hasan reached maturity; secondly, the influx of wealth to the state caused by the plague-related deaths of many Mamluk amirs whose properties were subsequently transferred to the state treasury, including the enormous wealth of amir Shaykhu; and thirdly, through extortion of the sultan's subjects during his reign.

    The importance and scale of the building project also attracted craftsmen from all over the Mamluk empire, including the far-away provinces of Anatolia, which may explain the diversity and innovativeness of the mosque's design and decoration.[1] It is also believed that limestone from the Pyramids of Giza was quarried for use in the mosque's construction.    Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Al Karanah al Gadids City

    26. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 70 °F

    al-Karanah al-Gadida City is a city on the west bank of the Nile in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. The city is located just north of the Valley of the Kings and the rest of the Theban Necropolis.

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Valley of the Kings Ramses IV

    26. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 63 °F

    We’ll depart the hotel in the morning, crossing over to the west bank of the Nile by motorboat, and then traveling by coach to the Valley of the Kings. The Valley of the Kings, situated in a secluded locale in the Theban Hills, is where the great pharaohs were buried in rock-cut tombs and surrounded by all the treasures they would need in the afterlife. Almost all of the sacred burial chambers were plundered over the millennia—with the exception of an obscure young ruler whose reign lasted a mere decade. On the afternoon of November 26, 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter made a small hole in a sealed doorway, inserted a candle, and peered inside. Completely untouched, Tutankhamen’s burial chambers contained thousands of priceless objects inside, along with a gold coffin containing the mummy of the teenage king.

    Upon arrival in the Valley of the Kings, we’ll set off on a walking tour, which includes a visit to the tomb of this young pharaoh, followed by a visit to the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, built for Egypt’s first known female monarch. Ruling for 20 years in the 15th century B.C., Hatshepsut is also considered one of Egypt's most successful pharaohs.

    Valley of the Kings, long narrow defile just west of the Nile River in Upper Egypt. It was part of the ancient city of Thebes and was the burial site of almost all the kings (pharaohs) of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties (1539–1075 bce), from Thutmose I to Ramses X.
    Used as a burial chamber for nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, the Valley of the Kings was used for royal burials for the Kings, their families, and their possessions. In 1979, it became a World Heritage Site, as well as the rest of the Theban Necropolis.    Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Edfu

    24. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 79 °F

    Edfu, a town on the west bank of the Nile that is home to the best-preserved cult temple in Egypt. Here, we’ll visit the Temple of Horus, dedicated to the falcon-headed god. After exploring the remarkable hieroglyphs and bas-reliefs of Egypt’s second largest temple, we’ll cruise well beyond the lights and noise of Edfu to moor for the night at Fauaza, a quiet little village further down the Nile.

    The Temple of Edfu was built following the Exodus. So the ark of Horus might have drawn on descriptions of the Ark of the Covenant. The striking resemblances could be coincidental. However, temples erected before the Exodus contain similar, less-well-preserved, images of arks transporting Egyptian gods.

    The Temple of Edfu and the Bible are connected in a few ways:
    Ark of Horus
    The Temple of Edfu in Egypt contains a replica of an ark used to transport the god Horus, which may have been based on descriptions of the Ark of the Covenant in the Bible. The Ark of the Covenant was carried by the Israelites during their Exodus from Egypt.
    Exodus and Edfu
    Both the book of Exodus and the Temple of Edfu begin with a historical introduction and then describe a temple.
    Egyptian influences
    The Bible contains references to Egyptian deities in personal names, such as Asenath, Harnepher, Potiphera, and Pashhur.
    Culture
    The culture that the Bible was finalized in and Jesus was born into was influenced by incidental references to Egypt's divine trinities and four animal symbols.
    Edfu The legend of the Egyptian Temples - Deluxe Tours Egypt
    The Temple of Edfu was built in the third century B.C. by Greek rulers of Egypt to honor the falcon god Horus. The temple is considered the best example of Ptolemaic temple building in Egypt.    Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Cruise Sailing

    23. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 84 °F

    When we rise this morning, our yacht will have already set sail. So, during our breakfast, we can admire the palm trees, farmland, donkeys, and tranquil scenes of traditional Egyptian life as we slowly cruise farther south along the Nile.Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Day in the Life/Besaw Island

    23. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 79 °F

    Arrive at Besaw Island to begin our NEW A Day in the Life discoveries with a local farmer and his family. The ancestors of these local farmers moved to this island after the building of the Aswan High Dam. As irrigation became more regulated and agrarian reform took effect, Besaw transformed into a viable, agricultural haven, and land previously owned by the wealthy was redistributed among agricultural workers. This 500-strong island community primarily cultivates mangoes, bananas, dates and feed for their livestock. They are noticeably isolated from surrounding areas, as there are no bridges, no modern developments, and electricity only came to the island around 2010. Besaw is seemingly frozen in time, where the pace of life is much like the gentle breeze and long-established traditions are the beating heart of local culture.

    Upon arrival at the farmer's property, we’ll be welcomed into their home. There, we’ll begin with a conversation about education for girls living on the island. As we learned earlier on our journey, Egypt is quite split on the subject of women’s rights and the resistance to such progress is significantly greater in rural areas like Besaw. Many residents believe that learning to read and write is sufficient education for girls and that they should begin thinking about marriage in their teenage years. Furthermore, education can be a burden on families because children must travel to the mainland to attend school—meaning parents and elders lose out on the extra domestic help. However, as we get to know our host, we’ll come to find out that not all people here have such old-world views on the subject. We’ll also have the opportunity to ask any questions we might have about the issue—perhaps you’d like to know how forward-thinking residents are working to change the minds of conservative neighbors, or you might wish to ask about local school curriculums.

    Then, we’ll stretch our legs with a walk through the village crop fields. In summertime, we’ll stroll through dense rows of lush mango plants and banana palm trees—two of the most lucrative commodities grown here—and if we happen to visit in winter, we’ll see zucchini, tomatoes, lettuce, okra, parsley, and other types of produce. We’ll also have the chance to observe some of the livestock, such as water buffaloes, cows, sheep, and various poultry. All of this life is sustained, of course, by strategic irrigation methods, which we’ll learn about and even have a chance to try our hand at throughout our walk. Depending on the time of year, we may also have the opportunity to seed the land or harvest some of the crops.

    Lunch: In the farmer's home, featuring traditional dishes like orzo chicken soup, sun-baked bread, fried chicken, or beef stew, followed by a semolina-based dessert.    Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Al Silsila Quarry

    23. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 72 °F

    The narrowest stretch of the Nile, an area the ancient Egyptians called Khenu, or "the place of rowing." Our destination is Gebel Si lsila, a rocky gorge where high sandstone cliffs descend down to the water’s edge. Our small river-yacht will drift alongside the ancient quarries that provided the stones to build almost all of Egypt’s great monuments and temples, including Karnak, Luxor, Kom Ombo, and many others. You can be among the few to explore this historic site, and learn about a recent archaeological discovery made here—a massive sacred temple used for four epochs of ancient Egyptian history. Our Trip Experience Leader will shed light on this historical finding, during which we can ask any questions we might have.Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Al Silsila Quarry

    23. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 64 °F

    Gebel el-Silsila or Gebel Silsileh is 64 km (40 mi) north of Aswan along the banks of the Nile. It was a very well known quarrying area throughout all of ancient Egypt due to the quality of the building stone quarried there. The site is a rich archaeological area, with temples cut directly in the hills. Examples include the rock temple of Horemheb on the west bank. Many of the monuments here bear inscriptions of Hatshepsut, Amenhotep II, Ramesses II, Merenptah, and Ramesses III. The quarries and the stone temples here are visible from boats on the Nile. The quarry was active sometime during the Old Kingdom through the Late Period and remains largely intact in modern time.[Lue lisää

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  • Linda FrandsenEgypt 2024Linda Frandsen

    Kom Ombo/Crocodile Museum

    22. marraskuuta 2024, Egypti ⋅ ☀️ 84 °F

    A unique feature of Kom Ombo is a series of engravings thought to be among the world’s first representations of medical and surgical instruments.

    The mummified crocodiles in their ceramic coffins, together with grave goods consisting of pots and offering tables, recreate the tombs of el-Shatb. Linen bandages, saturated with resins and oils, wrapped the crocodiles that had been desiccated with natron, and palm-ribs served to strengthen and support the mummies.Lue lisää

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