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Olomouc is one of the oldest and historically most important cities in Moravia, the eastern part of today's Czech Republic. For centuries it rivalled Brno as Moravia's principal city.

Early history: A settlement developed here by at least the 10th century, helped by its position on important trade routes. Olomouc became a major political and religious centre of the medieval Přemyslid lands. A bishopric was established in 1063, giving the city lasting importance to the Catholic Church.

Medieval prosperity: During the Middle Ages, Olomouc grew into a wealthy fortified city of merchants, craftsmen and clergy. Its churches, squares and university reflect this prosperity. Palacký University, founded in 1573, is the second-oldest university in the Czech lands.

The Thirty Years' War changed everything: In 1642 Swedish troops captured Olomouc and occupied it for eight years. The city was badly damaged and lost much of its population and economic importance. Afterwards, Brno increasingly took over Olomouc's role as Moravia's leading city.

The Habsburg era: Olomouc was rebuilt and heavily fortified. Its magnificent Baroque architecture dates largely from this period. The most famous example is the Holy Trinity Column, completed in the 18th century and now a UNESCO World Heritage site.

A little Mozart connection: The young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart stayed in Olomouc in 1767, when his family fled a smallpox outbreak in Vienna. He was only 11.

20th century: Olomouc became part of Czechoslovakia in 1918 following the collapse of Austria-Hungary. It was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II and then spent more than four decades under communist rule. The historic centre survived, although communist-era suburbs expanded around it.

Today: Since the peaceful division of Czechoslovakia in 1993, Olomouc has been part of the Czech Republic. It's now known particularly for its Baroque centre, university and large student population.Read more