These days, as well as the Camino way markers there are Interactive maps that let you know which way to go. So there is little chance of getting lost, although it still happens.
However the way markers- usually arrows or camino shells - are the (recently) traditional way you know where to go. Of course hundreds of years ago I imagine you would just head in the general direction along main roads - which were not like main roads today - asking for directions along the way.
The Pilgrimage to Santiago is 1200 years old. I read recently that the arrows are a relatively new thing - maybe only the last 50 years if that - and are yellow because initially they used some free left-over yellow road paint which was at hand.
Directions appear in many different ways. Here are some examples that haven’t appeared in other posts.
.もっと詳しく
旅行者
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旅行者A universal language